City of God vs. The Protestant Reformations Essay Example for Free

City of God versus The Protestant Reformations Essay Presentation: The conviction that God is available to the human psyche and soul, and can be found is a piece of the Christian convention. Numerous Christian thinkers appear to see this as the worry just of exceptionally dedicated people and of no enthusiasm for philosophical purposes. The proof for it, they think, it too slim to be in any way paid attention to by scholastic rationalists without specific enthusiasm for religion, who will in general respect anything in the idea of strict experience as suspect. Along these lines, philosophical conversations about religion are typically worried about sane contentions for and against belief in higher powers, as a rule of a specialized kind. In this article, I need to talk about the Augustine world with the reformist will as proposed by Martin Luther. One of the incredible foundations throughout the entire existence of Christian idea, The City of God is indispensable to a comprehension of current Western culture and how it appeared. Started in A.D. 413 by Saint Augustine, the extraordinary scholar who was minister of Hippo, the books beginning reason for existing was to disprove the charge that Christianity was to be faulted for the fall of Rome (which had happened only three years sooner). Augustines City of God, a momentous work of strict legend, reasoning, and history, was composed as a sort of abstract gravestone for Roman culture. After the destruction of Rome, Augustine composed this book to depict the defilement of Romans quest for natural delights: getting a handle on for acclaim, benevolent with their cash; genuine in the quest for riches, they needed to store wonder. Augustine differentiates his judgment of Rome with a worship of Christian culture. The magnificence that Rome neglected to accomplish may be acknowledged by residents of the City of God, the Heavenly Jerusalem predicted in Revelation. Then again Hans J. Hillerbrand in his book â€Å"The Protestant Reformation† says When the reformers who had first wandered another translation of the gospel had gone from the scene, the inquiry which had frequented the Reformation from its very inceptionwhere is truth?was still challenged by the advocates of the old and the new confidence. In any case, one certainty was past debate: Western Christendom was heartbreakingly dividedinto no under five strict factions.Though these divisions were the aftereffect of extreme strict conviction, they really wanted to decrease the power of strict faith in Europe. The Reformation of the sixteenth century was the last time frame throughout the entire existence of Western human progress when men were distracted with religion, contended it, battled and even kicked the bucket for it. Its results are still with us†. Contention: The two urban communities in city of God and the two wills in Lutheranism No book aside from the Bible itself impacted the Middle Ages than the â€Å"City of God†. Since medieval Europe has been the support of todays Western human progress, this work by result is imperative for a comprehension of our reality and how it appeared. St. Augustine is regularly viewed as the most compelling Christian scholar after St. Paul, and this book features upon an immense combination of strict and mainstream information. It started as an answer to the charge that Christian supernatural quality was causing the decay of the Roman Empire. Augustine delivered an abundance of proof to demonstrate that agnosticism bore inside itself the seeds of its own demolition. At that point he continued to his bigger topic, an infinite translation of history as far as the battle among great and wickedness: the City of God in strife with the Earthly City or the City of the Devil. This, the main genuine endeavor at a way of thinking of history, was to have boundless impact in framing the Western brain on the relations of chapel and state, and on the Christians put in the worldly request. It is in excess of an issue of setting down on paper a progression of dynamic standards and afterward applying them by and by. Christianity is in excess of an ethical code, in excess of a way of thinking, in excess of an arrangement of customs. In spite of the fact that it is adequate, in the theoretical, to partition the Catholic religion into three angles and call them doctrine, code and clique, yet practically speaking, the fundamental Christian life is something unquestionably more than this. It is in excess of a conviction; it is a real existence. In other words, it is a conviction that is lived and experienced and communicated in real life. The activity where it is communicated, experienced and lived is known as a secret. This puzzle is the sacrosanct dramatization which keeps ever present in history the Sacrifice that was once fulfilled by Christ on Calvary. In plain wordsif you can acknowledge them as plainChristianity is the life and demise and restoration of Christ going on for a long time in the spirits of individual men and in the core of society. It is this Christ-life, this fuse into the Body of Christ, this association with His demise and revival as an issue of cognizant experience, that St. Augustine composed of in his Confessions. Be that as it may, Augustine not just encountered the truth of Christ living in his own spirit. He was similarly as distinctly mindful of the nearness and activity, the Birth, Sacrifice, Death and Resurrection of the Mystical Christ amidst human culture. Furthermore, this experience, this vision, on the off chance that you would consider it that, qualified him to compose a book that should have been, truth be told, the life account of the Catholic Church. That is the thing that The City of God is. Similarly as really as the Confessions are the self-portrayal of St. Augustine, The City of God is the life account of the Church composed by the most Catholic of her extraordinary holy people. Obviously, the treatment of the subject is so lackadaisical thus wandering thus diffuse that The City of God, more than some other book, requires a presentation. All the better we can do here is to offer a couple of useful recommendations regarding how to handle it. The first of these proposals is this: since, all things considered, The City of God reflects quite a bit of St. Augustines own character and is shaded by it, the peruser who has never met Augustine should go above all else to the Confessions. When he becomes acquainted with the holy person, he will be better ready to comprehend Augustines perspective on society. At that point, nobody who isn't an expert, with a decent foundation of history or of religious philosophy or of reasoning, should not to endeavor to peruse the City, just because, starting at page one. The living heart of the City is found in Book Nineteen, and this is the segment that will cause the most prompt intrigue to us today to in light of the fact that it is worried about the religious philosophy of harmony. In any case, Book Nineteen can't be seen without anyone else. The best hotspot for answers for the most squeezing issues it will raise is Book Fourteen, where the birthplace of the two Cities is portrayed, in a paper on unique sin. Then again the protestant transformation manages the strict development which showed up in western Europe in the sixteenth century, and which, while apparently focusing on an inside restoration of the congregation, truly prompted an extraordinary rebel against it, and a deserting of the foremost Christian convictions. The reasons for the extraordinary strict revolt of the sixteenth century must be looked as far back as the fourteenth. The tenet of the congregation, it is valid, had stayed unadulterated; pious lives were yet visit in all pieces of Europe, and the various useful medieval organizations of the congregation proceeded with their course uninterruptedly. Whatever miserable conditions existed were to a great extent because of common and profane impacts or to the activity of power by ministers in common circles; they didn't get wherever with equivalent force, nor did they generally happen synchronous in a similar nation. Clerical and strict life showed in numerous spots life and assortment; works of training and noble cause proliferated; strict workmanship in the entirety of its structures had a living power; household ministers were numerous and persuasive; devout and illuminating writing was normal and acknowledged. Bit by bit, in any case, and to a great extent attributable to the differently unfriendly soul of the common powers, cultivated and elevated by a few components of the new request, there experienced childhood in numerous pieces of Europe political and social conditions which hampered the free reformatory exercises of the congregation, and supported the intense and corrupt, who took advantage of an exceptional chance to let free all the powers of sin and break so since quite a while ago kept under wraps by the agreeable activity of the clerical and common specialists. Luthers religious philosophy is his comprehension of God that can be summed up as Gottes Gottheit, which implies God will be God. In the most profound sense, Luther accepts that God is most importantly and on the whole. God, through his inventive force, uncovers that he is free and changeless. Only he can bring life into reality. Only he continues life. Only he uninhibitedly wills. In addition, what God wills can not be obstructed or opposed by a unimportant animal. God is almighty and consequently, Gods will is distant from everyone else permanent. Any individual, accordingly, that interests to the opportunity of human will endeavors to usurp for themselves a credit that has a place just with God. The free and changeless will of God is, in Luthers works, basic to one side and legitimate confidence. Without it, God isn't God and Scripture would, along these lines, must be canceled. In BOW, Luther continually underlines these two qualities of the desire of God and brings up their hugeness for the Faith. Furthermore, Luther contends that God has two wills as relates His temperament: (1) the uncovered will of His assertion and, (2) the covered up or questionable will. These attributes of Gods will give the premise to comprehension and deciphering Luthers conviction that the human will is oppressed. For Luther, the choice of God isn't just Gods boundless and unhindered capacity to pick between any arrangement of factors in any situation. Or maybe, it is Gods special capacity to rise above every one of these factors and conditions to perform, or not play out, any activity that He wants. Divine beings will isn't dependent upon the

Comparison of Yellow Wallpaper and Where Are You Going Essay Example

Examination of Yellow Wallpaper and Where Are You Going Essay Example Examination of Yellow Wallpaper and Where Are You Going Essay Examination of Yellow Wallpaper and Where Are You Going Essay Exposition Topic: The Yellow Wallpaper Sailings character got away through craziness while Chopping kicked the bucket of a delight that 245). Elses principle character got away behind the blurred of being a glad housewife, she complied with what life had given her. She likewise discovered her break with her new spouse. The moms own necessities to get away, to appreciate the outside world again with her better half (Gloss). Sailings character summarized it est. in when she states, Ive got out finally, said l, disregarding you and Jane (Gillian 419). In their own specific manner, they beat society and the individuals that persecuted them. All the ladies triumphed to some degree in their mission to opportunity, Chopping character biting the dust of heart issues, Sailings character crawling over her better half and Elses character enduring the raising of her kid in a hard efficient time. Every one of the three stones Involve a safe place of a sort; In Sailings her usual range of familiarity turned into the yellow backdrop, In Chopping It was the room and In Elses It was the Ironing. They could do their intuition while In their zone and nobody could control beneficiary contemplations at that point. Sailings character was so interested with the yellow backdrop that she begun daydreaming, seeing things that were not the Comparison of Yellow Wallpaper and Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? By anamorphic subterranean insect figures; for the reasons she needed to settle on the choices she did and in Sailings Ironing, the imperatives of mistreatment were alive in her contemplations. Elses blurred was being a housewife, she would have rather had different options throughout her life and needed more for her little girl as is told by the last statement in the story: In rundown, every one of the three ladies had no way out in their lives or they decided not to have a pop and do remain inside society limits of the female job throughout everyday life. The result of every story is distinctive in the manner each managed the battles of persecution, was beneficial to turn my hand over for anything (Gillian 412). Elses story the a Joy that kills(Chopin 245). Elses fundamental character got away behind the blurred of All three stories include a safe place of a sort; in Sailings her customary range of familiarity turned into the yellow backdrop, in Chopping it was the room and in Elses it was the pressing. They could do their intuition while in their zone and nobody could control

Ethnic Studies and The Bluest Eye - Literature Essay Samples

Understanding  African American sentiments during the Civil Rights Movement is crucial  in understanding Ton Morrisons novel,  The Bluest Eye. W.E.B. Du Bois thinks that a biography of an African-American  always possesses a  double-consciousness of the Afro-American (Lewis 143-145). Du Bois asserts that a black person living in a predominately white country has to learn to think with two minds his own and the white mans if he is to have  any chance of  survival. In an interview with Toni Morrison in 1989, the author  recalls her inspiration for writing The Bluest Eye. What struck her as almost more heartbreaking than the lack of black writers in Western literature, was the fact that the black Americans whose books she had read seemed as if they were writing to a white audience, and felt it necessary to give explanations for things about black culture that they would never have to explain to her in normal conversation (LeClair). The example she gives is in the openi ng of The Bluest Eye: Quiet as its kept, there were no marigolds in the fall of 1941 (Morrison 5). In black culture, Morrison explained, it means a big lie is about to be told. Or someone is going to tell some graveyard information, whos sleeping with whom. Black readers will chuckle (LeClair). Ethnic studies was created to teach the stories, histories, struggles and triumphs of people of color on their own terms. Critics have identified The Bluest Eye as insightful  into the mind of black culture and the surface feelings of racial inequality at the time of its publication (Lorde 114-123). Toni Morrison employs several literary devices to illustrate this mind-set, including whiteness as the standard of beauty, the doubling of contrasting pairs, and supporting motifs. In his book, Toni Morrison Explained, Ron David states that in a Toni Morrison novel, theres a big difference between the story and the book. [I can] tell you the story in two pages, but you still wont have a solid idea what the book is like (David 41). If you were to ask almost anyone who has read the novel what The Bluest Eye is about, they would probably say that it is the story of Pecola Breedlove. But David rejects this simple reading  and asserts that it isnt the story of Pecola, but rather the image of Pecola, a young black girl who thinks her life would be perfect if she had blue eyes. This solitary image is so powerful that it sums up one of the greatest tragedies of our age in the time it takes to snap your fingers (David 41). This tragedy is the embodiment of the theme of the novel, which is that every black person in America is forced to fight against a standard of beauty that is the complete opposite of what they are. This standard of beauty is that of whiteness. The m essage that white is superior is peppered all throughout the novel. One particular instance where this message is heavily prevalent is when Claudia is given the white, blond-haired, blue-eyed baby doll for Christmas. Her reaction is instantly negative when she articulates that she was physically revolted by and secretly frightened of those round moronic eyes, the pancake face, and orangeworms hair (Morrison 20). She then proceeds to dismember the doll, in a desperate attempt to discover what there was about this little pink thing that everyone seemed to find so lovable and beautiful. In addition to her detest for this white-skinned doll, she loathes the child star Shirley Temple the embodiment of angelic beauty for little girls. To play upon Du Bois theory of the duality of the black mind, we are presented with the image of Pecola. Pecola is another young, black girl who unlike Claudia is obsessed with the thought that in order to be beautiful, she must be blond-haired and blue-eyed. Pecola is also obsessed with the same actress that Claudia despises: Shirley Temple. Not only does she idolize Shirley, but she drinks milk out of a Shirley Temple cup, and she loves eating Mary Janes, the candies with the Shirley Temple clone on the wrapper. The whiteness of the milk, of Shirley and of the candy wrapper, take the theme of white is beautiful to the next level. Pecola is also the person who suffers most from the denial of possessing the white characteristics of beauty. She associates beauty with being loved, and believes that if she were to possess the coveted blue eyes, then the brutality in her life would  be substituted by  affection and respect. This fruitless longing for love and blue eyes results in P ecolas madness and eventual  death. Toni Morrison expands upon the superiority of white people by doubling several contrasting pairs throughout the novel. The Bluest Eye has three different beginnings. The first beginning is a piece out of the classic Dick-and-Jane books that so many learned to read on. The reason Morrison chose this as one of her beginnings could possibly be to slyly introduce the standard of beauty early on. Ron David recalls that every child in America aspires to be Dick and Jane who, in case you havent noticed, are blond-haired, blue-eyed, and as white as it gets (David 44). The second beginning is gossip in which a grown up Claudia gives us a tease as to whats to come in the novel. Most books tell you what and how at the same time, but Morrison gives us the what right off the bat, and the story tells us the how. The third and final beginning starts the real story: the how. Now, why would an author have three separate beginnings? Whats the point? Well, the Dick-and-Jane beginning comes back into pl ay in the beginning of almost every chapter. Morrison begins these chapters with an excerpt of the Dick-and-Jane introduction, usually to contrast with the story that follows. The most obvious and most important of these contrasting pairs is that of the Dick-and-Jane fantasy versus Pecolas reality. The first instance where this is seen is in the section immediately after Claudias; there are three lines of run-together words from Dick and Jane that read (with inserted spaces) Here is the house, it is green and white, it has a red door, it is very pretty, it is very pretty, pretty, pretty (Morrison 33). The pretty house lines contrast with the following sub-story, which is centered around Pecolas dilapidated house. Other examples of contrasting pairs within the novel are Pecolas acceptance of white as the standard of beauty and Claudias resistance, Pecolas dingy house versus Geraldines tidy house. One could even include the broad comparison of Pecola and Claudia versus Shirley Temple. Although the main theme of The Bluest Eye is whiteness as the standard of beauty, there are numerous supporting and smaller motifs that Toni Morrison uses to strengthen this idea. The first motif is the representation of seasons. The novel is designed around the four seasons, meaning that it is not linear, but cyclic. This structure means that theoretically, the story does not have a beginning or an end and it is part of an ongoing process. Typically, a season book follows these symbols: spring is a time of rebirth, and autumn is the time when things die. The Bluest Eye begins in autumn, the season before winter, so the audience can tell that its not going to be a cheerful novel. Thats the bad news, as Ron David discusses. He says that the good news is that as a season book, the book rhymes with the seasons, so as bad as things seem, it isnt final; its part of a cycle; hang in there till Spring (David 45). The second motif Morrison uses is the opposition of whiteness and color. This image branches off of the notion that whiteness is  the accepted norm and challenges it by associating whiteness with not only beauty and cleanliness, but also with sterility. In contrast, colors are connected with happiness. Morrison uses this imagery to place  emphasis on the destructiveness of the black communitys preference for  whiteness and proposes that an exciting color (rather than the lack of color) is a more fitting image of happiness and liberty. A third message in the stories is that of perseverance and survival, according to Missy Kubitschek in her book Toni Morrison: A Critical Companion. Kubitschek claims that one of these survivors is the first-person narrator, Claudia. Through Claudia and the omniscient narrator, Morrison sings a song of praise and grief for all the Pecolas of the world (Kubitschek 27-28). This is one of the reasons that Claudia is the narrator, rather than Pecola. I f Pecola were the narrator, then the whole book would practically be about her self-hatred and longing for beauty. Whereas with Claudia, she is the voice of reason and rebellion; which is the whole point of The Bluest Eye. Most books have a personable character that most readers can identify with, and Claudia is the epitome of this type of spirit. Although she and Pecola are both subjected to the same impossible standards of beauty, Claudia fights it. Thus giving us our story of perseverance and survival. In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison uses several different literary devices to describe the feelings of African Americans during the Civil Rights Movement. She mainly focuses on the racism aspect of Ethnic Studies, and builds upon W.E.B. Du Bois double consciousness theory. Two of Morrisons main goals within the novel are  to build  a  sense of intimacy with her audience, to make it as if one is listening to a friend tell the story, and to write in such a way that the words have the heartbeat of spoken language. These two goals work in such close combination that its often impossible to distinguish one from the other, according to Ron David in his book Toni Morrison Explained. While David means this as a negative point, it can also be viewed as a very positive accomplishment of representing the feelings of a real black American in the 1970s. This and her theme of whiteness as the standard of beauty, the doubling of contrasting pairs, and supporting motifs work to complete Morrisso ns project. Not only does  she create  the effect of time travel for the  reader  of her  novel, but she is also  praised for having the courage to write about an aspect of the Black experience that most of us would rather forget, our hatred of ourselves (Gant). â€Æ' Works Cited David, Ron. The Bluest Eye. Toni Morrison Explained: A Readers Road Map to the Novels. New York: Random House, 2000. 39+. Print. Gant, Liz. Review of The Bluest Eye. Black World, Volume 20, May 1971. Kubitschek, Missy Dehn. The Bluest Eye. Toni Morrison: A Critical Companion. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998. 27-28. Print. LeClair, Thomas. The Language Must Not Sweat: A Conversation with Toni Morrison. New Republic, March 21, 1981. Lewis, David Levering. W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography. New York: Henry Holt, 2009. 143-45. Print. Lorde, Audre. Age, Race, Class and Sex: Women Redefining Difference. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches. Trumansburg, NY: Crossing, 1984. 114-23. Print. Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York: Plume Book, 1994. Print.

Great Gatsby Essay - 1380 Words

In The Great Gatsby by F Scott Fitzgerald, dreams, goals, and ambitions have a way of enticing and enchanting the characters. A goal becomes more than a goal; it becomes something into which the characters submerge themselves and by which they define themselves. These dreams then set up impossible expectations which are detached from what can realistically be achieved. Gatsby dreams of love with Daisy, a dream which eventually consumes his life. It seduces him into giving himself up entirely for its attainment. Similarly, Toms ambitions to control every aspect of his life end up consuming him. It might be considered this fundamental tendency of human dreams to seduce the dreamers into dedicating themselves completely to those dreams†¦show more content†¦It is likely that the Grail doesnt even exist, and it is this which is the point Fitzgerald attempts to make through this allusion: it is an objective certainty that Gatsby cannot win Daisy (who is his Grail) back, but because he has been completely seduced by the prospect of the outcome, he cannot see that truth, deceiving himself into believing that it is possible. As foils for Gatsby and Daisy (and in some respect Tom as well) we are presented with Nick and Jordan. Of Jordan, Nick says that she is â€Å"too wise ever to carry well-forgotten dreams from age to age†(135). In this single quote we have proof that neither of them is susceptible to the seductive nature of dreams: Jordan does not carry on with long-dead memories, and Nick deems her â€Å"wise† because of it. This contrast with the other characters allows their naà ¯ve pursuit of impossible dreams to be all the more apparent, especially because Nick is the narrator of the book. It would be quite hard indeed to present a book about the enchanting characteristics of dreams if the narrating voice itself was susceptible to the enchantment; that is, it is always easier to explain from an outside perspective.Show MoreRel atedThe Great Gatsby Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby Essay By- Happy Bhoombla English- 3A Date-9/28/10 The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a story about a wealthy man named Gatsby. Gatsby lives a luxuriant life in West Egg of New York. Gatsby’s wealth has an unknown secret because nobody seems to know where his wealth emerged from. Despite of having so much fortune, Gatsby’s true American dream has not been achieved. In the great Gatsby F. 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Scott Fitzgerald, Fitzgerald uses a lot of symbolism to connect the characters with each other or to other objects. Fitzgerald’s use of symbolism helps advance his thematic interest in his novel of The Great Gatsby. In the Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses various colors, objectsRead More Materialism in The Great Gatsby Essay1075 Words   |  5 Pagesduring the 1920s, the setting of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. That the majority of Americans believe that wealth and happiness are the same is a result of our market economy that encourages consumption and conditions us to think that we need material possessions to be happy. According to Andrew Bard Schmookler, Wealth and human fulfillment have become equated in the predominant ideology of liberal society, even though the great spiritual teachers of humanity have all taught otherwise.Read More Contrasts in the Great Gatsby Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesTyler Simms Great Gatsby Essay Accelerated English 11 Mrs. Cameron F. 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Through the characters of the book, Fitzgerald exposes the American dream from behind its d azzling veilRead MoreGreat Gatsby Essay971 Words   |  4 Pagesmajor part of people’s characteristics in the 1920’s ‘easy money’ era because of the great economic boom. During this era, people earned their money by corruption with smuggling alcohol during prohibition. In addition, people earned their money by people unknowingly investing in major stocks. A few people earned their money with hard work; it was mostly made easily for them. Throughout the novel, The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the shallowness and hollowness of the upper class is

I Am Quiet Time What Separates Me From God Essay

It’s chilly, yet clear skied, Monday morning. I awoke early to spend quiet time, in the early morning light, in the hot tub, with God before I write and before meditation. The early moments of the day are somehow much richer in solitude and inspiration comes more clearly than mid and late day moments. A plausible explanation may be: I am rested and there’s a lack of manmade energy buzzing around me or it could simple be that my mind isn’t buzzing because it’s not yet fully awakened. When my mind is buzzing, my entire body follows suite. Perhaps, the racing buzzing mind is part of what separates me from God. The irony of being in my headspace is that the body is always in the present moment, connected to the earth. The breath can serve as reminder; for when I focus my attention on inhaling and exhaling, my thoughts slow down, my mind stops buzzing about and for brief fleeting moments, I am fully in the present. Being fully present is where the mysteries of life dance, my intuition picks up on subtle energy, words and emotions of others float in. When I am present for others, I am transformed as if I am infused with and transferring love, compassion, hope, empathy, and kindness to other. These are the moments that I live for, the random coincidences where God puts another in my path. A path on which I am never sure if I am the teacher or the student and therefore, I become aware of humility that most often likes to hide underneath false notions of bravery, or better yet, itShow MoreRelatedSocial Analysis Of Religion And Gender Socialization1642 Words   |  7 PagesGender socialization I grew up in an upper middle-class picket-fence family. I have a mom and dad who are still together, and a brother named Justin, who is younger than me by fifteen months. My dad was a stay at home dad until I was eleven, when he decided to go back to school to pursue his calling to go become a school counselor. 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The excerpt From the Epic of Gilgamesh, explains that while Gilgamesh was grieving the loss of Enkidu, he said â€Å"What my brother is now, that shall I be when I am dead.†(â€Å"From The Epic â€Å"23; 23-24)Read MoreThe Relational Dialectics Theory And The Genderlect Styles Theory1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough our words, actions, facial expressions and body language. All of these forms of communication affect our relationships and vary between men and women. Numerous communication theories have been established regarding relationships and gender, but I will discuss two specific theories, the Relational Dialectics Theory and the Genderlect Styles Theory. One theory is based on the contradictions and int eractions, which takes place in relationships. 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Weisel is not a character in the story; instead a boy named Eliezer who represents Weisel narrates the story. By doing so, Weisel was able to distance himself from the actual experience and look in on the story from the outside. Night revolves around Eliezers emotional journey from a Orthodox Jewish

Don Quixote Chivalry Essay Example For Students

Don Quixote Chivalry Essay Chivalry, the order of knighthood, and especially, the code of knightlybehavior, comes from many origins. In Middle English, the word chevalriemeant mounted horseman. In Old french, the word chevalrie meantknightliness or chevalier meaning knight. (Microft, Encarta) Almost allorigins of the word meant horseman. Warfare was not an option in the medieval period and the knight was themost crutial part. The knights ability, and the military strength of the lordor king were nessesary for their survival. A knight was loyal to his king eventhough he was not always a member of his personal court. He was also loyal tohis lord or landowner. Most of all, he was loyal to God, as all Christianknights were. A Christian knight had virtues of fidelity, piety, loyalty anddevotion to God. However, some knights did not live this ideal lifestyle. (Duby)A young boy in training to be a knight spent the first few years of hislife in care of the women in his family. At the age of 7 years old, a child ofnoble birth would be placed in the castle of a lord or govenor. This is wherethe training for knighthood began. As a page, the boy would be tutored inLatin and French, but he devoted most of his time to physical exersice, andduties. A page was educated in wrestling, tilting with spears, and militaryexercises that were done on horseback. He was also taught dancing and playingof musical instruments in their leisure time. As a page, a boy was taught howto carve and serve food as a waiter, and other services around the castle. Itwas his duty to help the master of the castle in anyway needed. These taskswere not hard labor, but simply prepared him for what was yet to come. (Microsoft Bookshelf)By the time a page was 14, he was expected to qualify as a competentsquire. Now with the more laborious course, his real training began. He mustvault on his horse in armor, run and scale walls, and spring over ditches inarmor. He must be able to maneuver a battle-ax without raising the visor of hishelmet or taking a breathe. He must have mastered horsemanship. A squire musthave acquired courtesy and have chosen a mistress of his heart. A lady of thecourt whose service to her was the glory and occupation of a knight. Her smilesof gratitude were his repayment for his work. A squire, having received serioustraining as a mounted soldier, rode into battle and helped his master in manyways. In battle a squire wore silver spurs to distinguish him from a knight. In this way, he was a lesser target than a knight. He also helped his assignedknight dress in armor and care for his arms. He would clean and polish hisknight armor after every use. This period usually lasted about five or sixyears, then a squire was ready for knighthood, around age twenty. The earliest knighting ceremonies were very simple. A knight justbuckled the armor on the squire to be knighted. However, it became a morecomplex ceremony as time went on. One man would buckle the sword while anotherfastened the spurs. The squire knelt before the man knighting him. The knightgave the squire a tap on the back of the neck with his hand. Another knight, orKing would confirm these actions in the ceremony. This tap, called theaccolade from the French word col, meaning neck, was followed by the words,I dub you knight. (Gies) When Christianity became more closely linked withknighthood, religious ceremonies became part of the knighting process. Before asquire was knighted he confessed with many nights of prayer. The night beforeknighting, a squire underwent a strict fast and received the sacrament. Thenext day he washed and put on pure white clothing for the ceremony with a swordsuspended from his neck. At dawn, the chaplain came to hear confession andcelebrate mass. Then gi fts such as a coat of mail, a sword or spurs weregirdled on. Then came the accolade. It consisted of three strokes with theflat of the sword on the shoulder and neck followed by, in the name of God, ofSt. Michael, of St. George, I make thee knight; be valiant, courteous, andloyal. When this exercise was complete, he received his helmet, spear, andshield. After the knighting was accomplished, the newly made knight placed hisgifts on the altar and took part in the festivities. He now would be acceptedas a member of the order of knighthood and chivalry. Category: English

Why You Should Join the Military an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by

Why You Should Join the Military What makes the military a unique place? Is it because of the discipline that they instill in their men? Is it because of the power that goes with the ranks? Why is it even essential that one should join the military? Perhaps it is the values that the military instill in men that can motivate one to join itvalues such as respect, obedience and discipline are virtues one can easily learn when one is in the military. Need essay sample on "Why You Should Join the Military" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Obedience is related to responsibility because response-ability says psychologist Frederick Perls, is a misused word. It means the ability to respond: the ability to be alive, to feel, to be sensitive. It doesnt mean obligation. It doesnt mean duty. One way or another, it is something one has been directed to do without asking why. If the military lives with obedience and respect to authority, what they would radiate has the capacity to influence others greatly. Their power will not vary. It will not fluctuate. It is not diluted. Their officers need not make these excuses for them just to cover up their disobedience. (Values in the Army). This is what Roger Dawson refers to as Reverent Power, having a consistent set of standards and not deviating from them. Dawson suggests that this type of power is the most powerful influencing factor of all. The longer you project that you have a consistent set of standards from which youll never deviate, the more people learn to trust you. From th at trust grows a tremendous ability to influence people. Of course, the main point here is that the reason for the consistency is not a desire to have greater negotiating strength. The consistency comes from the commitment to principle (Perls. Frederick 1951). Undergraduates Frequently Tell EssayLab support:How much do I have to pay someone to write my assignment online?Essay writers advise: Buy Essay Papers And Live Free From TroublesCustom Essay Writing Service Buy Written Essays Best Writing Services Essay Company Review There are seven values that soldiers need to strive to emulate in their daily lives. These values form the foundation of personal behavior that defines the person as well as the expectations soldiers have of one another. These values are Loyalty, Duty, Respect, Selfless Service, Honor, Integrity and Personal Courage. From the Basic Combat Training where the army men learned the different values, the value of Respect is defined as, Treat people as they should be treated. In the Soldiers Code, we pledge to treat others with dignity and respect while expecting others to do the same. Respect is what allows us to appreciate the best in other people. Respect is trusting that all people have done their jobs and fulfilled their duty. And self-respect is a vital ingredient with the Army value of respect, which results from knowing you have put forth your best effort. The Army is one team and each of us has something to contribute. In the military set-up, the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) is the bedrock of military law. The UCMJ is a federal law enacted by Congress. It contains guidelines on codes of conduct for army men and other people in the military. Some articles establish policy, assign responsibilities and prescribe procedures. In the same manner, it also contains punitive articles such as elements of the offense, an explanation, lesser included offenses, maximum permissible punishments and sample specifications (Values in the Army). Discussing about the importance of respect in the military reminds me of one great soldier--Alexander the Great, the most celebrated conqueror of the ancient world, who was born in 356 B.C., in Pella, the capital of Macedonia. Alexander was only twenty years old when his father King Philip Macedon died. But he succeeded to the throne without difficulty. Philip had carefully prepared his son to succeed him, and the young Alexander already had considerable military experience. During his invasion of the Persian empire in 334 B.C. he had to leave part of his army at home to maintain control of his European possessions. Alexander had only 35,000 troops with him when he set out on his audacious quest a very small force compared with the Persian armies. Inspite of the numerical disadvantages, Alexander won a series of crushing victories over the Persian forces. Examining his manner of leading his troop and eliciting obedience, I surmise that there were three main reasons for his success. In the first place, the army which Philip had left him was better trained and organized than the Persian forces. In the second place, Alexander was a general of outstanding genius, perhaps the greatest of all time. The third factor was Alexanders own personal courage and demeanor worthy of respect and true obedience. I discovered that although he would direct the early stages of each battle from behind the lines, Alexanders policy was to lead the decisive cavalry charge himself during the peak of battle. This was a risky procedure, and he was frequently wounded. But his troops saw that Alexander was sharing their danger, and was not asking them to take any risks that he himself would not take. The effect on their morale was enormous. Such is the stuff of real responsibility and commitment. Such is the stuff that earns one the respect and obedience that nobody can buy. Indeed, the values and discipline in the military that goes a long way even in ones personal life are enough motivation for individuals who are qualified to join the military. WORKS CITED Perls. Frederick, S. Growth in the Human Personality New York: Julian Press, 1951 Punitive Articles of UCMJ. Article 89 Disrespect Toward a Superior Commissioned Officer Retrieved Feb. 10, 2007 at:https://www.thebalance.com/punitive-articles-of-the-ucmj-3356855 Values in the Army.

Alcoholism in The Absolute True Diary of a Part Time Indian Essays

Alcoholism in The Absolute True Diary of a Part Time Indian Essays Alcoholism in The Absolute True Diary of a Part Time Indian Essay Alcoholism in The Absolute True Diary of a Part Time Indian Essay Alcohol In the book The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie, Alexie writes about how alcohol was part of his life and how it affected the people he loves. Junior’s dad is a drunks, Junior’s mom is an ex drunk; they drink so they can forget about the problems they have. Junior’s dad goes to bars and spends the little money they have on booze. Junior’s best friend Rowdy always gets beat up by his dad because he is a drunk; he also beats his wife, and they walk around with bruises on their face, and no one does nothing about it. Junior’s grandma dies after getting hit by a drunk driver while walking on the side of the road on her way home from a powwow. Then Eugene gets shot in the parking lot of 7-11 in a drunken argument over the last drink from a bottle of booze. Junior’s sister Mary and her new husband die of a fire in their trailer after a partygoer started to make some soup and then forgot and left. They were too drunk to notice even there was a fire and they both died. There are many consequences to drinking, since it can affect your life and your loved ones lives. Alcohol can be very devastating because it can make you an aggressive person. Alexie tells us about his friend Rowdy and how Rowdy and his mother were always unhappy because of one person: his father. He was a violent alcoholic who regularly hurt his wife and son. â€Å"His father is drinking hard and throwing hard punches, so Rowdy and his mother are always walking around with bruised and bloody faces† and â€Å"my mother and father are drunks, too† (16).Alcoholism is a great issue in the spoken reservation Rowdy’s father is violent and hits his wife and son but juniors parents are just drunks they are not mean like Rowdy’s father. alcohol can be a way to escape from your life but if you drink too much you can hurt the people you love the most just like Rowdy’s dad. The way that Rowdy’s dad treats his wife and son is unacce

Beliefs of Malcolm X

Beliefs of Malcolm X Cheyanne Ratliff 1. When Malcolm X believes when he receives an â€Å"X† is that it is an ex form of himself. He elaborated by saying that it is supposed to â€Å"[replace] the white slave master name of â€Å"little† which some blue-eyed devil named Little had imposed on my paternal forebears,† (MX, 229). His statement is correct because many of the African Americans in America were brought over from Africa by Europeans. This means that it was not the identity of his oppressor, but of the black man himself. Although they used this excuse, there was a bit of a social privilege to not being truly African. On page 4, Malcolm X states that â€Å"[m]ost Negro parents in those days would almost instinctively treat any lighter children better than they did the darker ones. It came directly from the slavery tradition that the â€Å"mulatto,† because he was visibly nearer to white, was therefore â€Å"better†,† (MX, 4-5). What this suggests is t he impact the white slave owners have had on the ancestors of blacks and how they have been raised to think like that. It means that those who are lighter tend to have a higher social privilege because of how slave owners implied that if you were lighter, you were whiter. 2. Malcolm describes how the black people are tired of the treatment of colored men and women by the police, also known as police brutality. In MX, he states that â€Å"[i]t is a miracle that 22 million black people have not risen up against their oppressors-in which they would have been justified by all moral criteria, and even by the democratic tradition,† (MX, 251). This states that Malcolm is surprised about how the black Americans have not risen up yet against their oppressors the police. Although it seems as if the police have been nothing but brutal towards black Americans, that does not always seem to be the case. In the chapter â€Å"Black Muslims†, Malcolm states that â€Å"[l]aw agencies once had scoffed at our nation as â€Å"black crackpots†; now they took special pains to safeguard against some â€Å"white crackpots† causing any â€Å"incidents† or accidents,† (MX, 252). This supports the rebuttal because it shows how although the police always seemed more hostile and aggressive towards the black people of that time, they eventually managed to see that black people needed protection too, just as the white man needed. 3. What Malcolm X is doing is he is finding the differences between segregation and separation. On page 250 of MX, he describes segregation as â€Å"when your life and liberty are controlled, regulated, by someone else,† (MX, 251) and separation as â€Å"that which is done voluntarily, by two equals- for the good of both,† (MX, 251). The difference that Malcolm X is pointing out is that with segregation, you are regulated by somebody else, compared to separation, which is when you are regulated by yourself. This conveys the wishes that many black Americans have because many of them wish to not be controlled by the white man. Although they were segregated, they still had control over their own lives. Theoretically, they let the white man back them into a corner, which then calls for them to attack and lash back in order to protect themselves and/or their community. In the book â€Å"Things Fall Apart†, Okonkwo let the white Christian missionaries back him into a corner, which then caused him to lash out and kill himself in order to protect himself and his community. Theoretically, if they had refused the push of the white man towards that corner, they could have easily been on a faster track to equality. 4. This statement is valid because it shows how the black Americans have never been free to actually act for themselves in the sense of controlling their own communities. Similar to the last question, they have been backed into a corner. He states that separation is when †Å"†that which is done voluntarily, by two equals- for the good of both,† (MX, 251). Because the blacks are not able to completely separate from the white people, they cannot reach their full potential and power. This relates to when a dog is abused by its â€Å"owner†, then they can never really function by their own means. 5. Malcom X is describing how the black hustler in the â€Å"ghetto jungles† has to survive. By saying the ghetto hustler is the â€Å"most dangerous black man in America† (MX, 318), he is talking from experience AND what he has observed. On page 173, Malcolm X describes his observations as scary because â€Å"it had taught [him] in a very few minutes to have a whole lot of respect for the human combustion that is packed among the hustlers and their young admirers who live in the ghettoes where the Northern white man has sealed-off the Negro-away from whites-for a hundred years,† (MX, 318-319). What quotation suggests is that these young people who admire the hustlers, those who are considered the â€Å"most dangerous black [men] in America† (MX, 318) are considered that because they have the most influence upon the youth, which is the next generation. This means that because the black hustlers depend on the youth, this is how they survive and keep that â€Å"black hustler legacy† going. Although this may suggest that this is where all of their power comes from in order to survive, it is not. Earlier in the book, Malcom X describes his own accord of how it works; † I was a true hustler-uneducated, unskilled at anything honorable, and I considered myself nervy and cunning enough to live by my own wits, exploiting any prey that presented itself,† (MX, 111). This quote from himself suggests that he lived by his own wits because he thought he was all that, and he became very popular among the ranks. What this quote makes people realize is that power comes from within, and that when you create an image of yourself, that power inside of you is what causes that image to come true. 6. What Malcolm X is differentiating between is the stereotype of how a white man acts like, and what a black man acts like. What this suggests is that black people, in order to be accepted, they depend upon the stereotype of the white man and decide to try and follow that to be accepted. An example of this is when Malcolm X states that â€Å"[t]he only difference was that the ones in Boston had been brainwashed even more thoroughly. They prided themselves on being incomparably more â€Å"cultured,† â€Å"cultivated,† â€Å"dignified,† â€Å"and better off than their black brethren down in the ghetto, which was no further away than you could throw a rock. Under pitiful misapprehension that it would make then â€Å"better,† these Hill Negroes were breaking their backs trying to imitate white people,† (MX, 42). This suggests that black people wil l try to imitate white people in order to seem more appealing to them. The quotation describes how societal pressures were even more severe than they are today. Before coming to a conclusion though, we must consider how the white man did not always intentionally discriminate. On page 174 of MX, he describes the cause of the black man’s condition was because of the â€Å"white man’s society [being] responsible for the black man’s condition in this wilderness of North America.† This quotation says that although there is social pressures from the white man, his society implements even more social pressures than the white man does himself. It suggests that the black community itself is more socially pressuring than the white man’s community is at times. A connection to this is from the book The Pearl by John Steinbeck, when the richer society who lived inside the gate had societal pressures pushed upon those who live outside the wall, those who lived outside of the wall developed even stronger, negative societal pressure that basically said ‘if you don’t live inside the wall you’re unsuccessful’. This eventually pushed Kino to go crazy, just because he wanted money to get into the inside of the wall. Those snooty black brethren who stuck their noses up at their brothers and sisters in the ghettoes were like Kino, and they drove themselves crazy trying to fit into an ideal placed in their heads by themselves and those around them. 7. To begin with, Hajj means pilgrimage. In order for Malcolm X and all separationists (in MX’s eyes) to achieve their goal, they must remain united. In the book, Malcolm X says that â€Å"for the black man in America the only solution is complete separation from the white man,† (MX, 250) and that â€Å"Islam is the hope for justice and equality in the world we must build tomorrow,† (MX, 241). Malcolm X here basically says that we must separate from the white men and all join Islam in order to complete their destined pilgrimage. Although this seems like the perfect solution, this is far from it. This was similar to when Hitler believed that there was only one pure race and that they should all be â€Å"separated† to be perfect, just as Malcolm X believed that there was only one way that black people could be perfect, and that was separated under the state of Islam. This is a â€Å"one right way† mindset that could potentially be dangerous if it is not handled properly. 8. America is seem as a major place full of discrimination in all parts of the world. To support this, Malcolm X states that they called them â€Å"[h]ate teachers† â€Å"violence seekers†Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ black racists† â€Å"black fascists† â€Å"anti-Christian† â€Å"possibly communist inspired†,† (MX, 243). This all started because of a few racist whites had collected footage and lied about the intention s of Malcolm X and Mr. Muhammad. This is a prime example of how the Americans perceived them beause they were not only black, but also Muslim. Although this produced hate and more discrimination, it made black Muslims stronger and more powerful. This is similar to how people saw the Baton Rouge bus boycott of 1953 as a bad thing, but really it made those boycotting even stronger and more powerful. It did that because it eventually made people realize â€Å"hey maybe this is wrong.† Although this is not the case in MX, the amount of attention is similar to the amount pf attention that the bus boycott got in 1953. 9. When Malcolm X suggests when he says â€Å"thinking internally† is that the American power structure does not want them to realize how powerful they could be. Malcolm X describes this behavior as selfish when he says â€Å"he loves himself so much that he is startled if he discovers that his victims don’t share his vainglorious self-opinion,† (MX 243). What this means is that if the white man pressures black people into believing one thing about themselves, and the black people do not agree, then the white man would lash out, almost like an angry toddler. A connection to this is similar to when Donald Trump tries to convince people of one thing, and when they don’t believe it, he turns into a ‘crybaby’. But, this is not always the case. On page 318, MX describes the ghettoes, and how the people within them are preconditioned to think that they must â€Å"fight to survive†. What this suggests is that the white man’s tactics had been successful and basically â€Å"cornered† them into believing this is where they belong. This is a similar example to when you keep telling a dog that it is a bad dog. It is eventually going to believe that and not try to change that mindset. 10. When Malcolm X writes that â€Å"the seeds of racism are so deeply rooted many whites are even unaware of their own racism†( MX, 369-370) , he is basically saying that the hate of blacks has been passed on for so long, it has practically become tradition. And with tradition, there is always a wish for change, so blacks were always pushed to become lighter or to act more ‘white’. In The Autobiography of Malcolm X , Malcolm X says â€Å"I remember that I thought that it looked as if my father’s strong black face had been dusted with flour, and I wished they hadn’t put on such a lot of it† (MX, 11). What MX is saying by this is that he wished that they wouldn’t have tried to have his father look lighter because it strayed the thought of his strong, deep ebony father he had etched into his mind. This could be related to how when certain family members die, their kids do not want certain things done to those family members because it takes away from the thought of them they already have in their heads. But, sometimes the families will go again st embracing their loved ones wishes. For example, on page 8 of The Autobiography of Malcolm X, MX talks about how his ) mom would make him go outside to â€Å"[l]et the sun shine on [him] so [he] can get some color.† (MX, 8). What this suggests is that even though MX was okay with his skin color and the lightness/darkness of it, his mother still pressured him to get MORE color because that was her tradition, or hoe she was raised. This is similar to how President Obama had to think about his traditions and values before he made any decisions, like all presidents have done/ will do. 11. MX is basically suggesting that this mass genocide had welcomed them into the system, and now they needed to be accepted. The best way to be accepted though, in MX’s eyes, was to revolt. On page 375 he praises the revolt saying that â€Å"the negroes so-called â€Å"revolt† is merely an asking to be accepted into the existing system!† (MX, 375). This suggests that the bl ack people believe that they have to fight their way to earn recognition and respect within the system, like they grew up believing. This is similar to how many of the young hustlers grew up seeing pimps and hustlers fighting in the streets to survive, learning from them how they need to fight to survive like that too. But, even though they needed to fight to get into the system, there were many placed throughout the U.S that had accepted the black people into their systems. This proved good, but few people saw it. 12. MX is basically calling to arms for the black people to â€Å"take no shit†. He believes, through the massive rallies that â€Å"were [an] astounding success† he had helped raise awareness, and now they needed to do whatever possible to keep that awareness up and continue with pursuing equal rights. Even though there isn’t really a rebuttal for this, I feel as if MX had to convince himself of that too, considering when the press came at him afte r the film â€Å"The Hate That Hate Produced† aired, he had to consult Mr. Muhammad on what to do because he hadn’t stayed confident enough in himself OR his followers to believe that they were strong enough to keep earning those rights. This is similar to when he believed that things would not get better for him in jail, so he had to depend on his God for help and guidance. 13. What Malcom X is saying is that the white man has preconditioned the black man for a life of crime and discrimination! To support this, he states on page 248 that many black men were converted to the white man’s way of thinking because of money or promises of a better life, so they became â€Å"black bodies with white heads† (MX 248). This means that they would give up anything for a better life, because they knew that the one that they were living at that moment wouldn’t’ve gotten them anywhere in life, so they became one with the enemy. Although this was the case , many black people had switched sides due to all of the negativity towards MX and Elijah Muhammad and their teachings due to â€Å"The Hate That Hate Produced†. This is similar to when you are in a car crash and hurt your neck, so if you try to move it or anything, you will just hurt it more because of the problems that are already there. Reflection 1. The most novel claim was that traditions could be pressured onto other people who weren’t associated with those people to begin with. It was novel because it was true, otherwise racism and discrimination would not have occurred. 2. page 243 and 251 (Questions 9+2) 3. Danya’s explaination of how the blacks were preconditioned to live and think a certain way, and Liz’s which piggybacked upon that. 4. This is similar to when you are in a car crash and hurt your neck, so if you try to move it or anything, you will just hurt it more because of the problems that are already there. 5. Question two bec ause it provided a lot of discussion. 6. Question twelve because I went so in depth with it because it interested me.

Critically evalute the legacy of the Chicago School of Criminology Essay

Critically evalute the legacy of the Chicago School of Criminology - Essay Example Before the dominant theories in Criminology emerged, the leading theories were classical criminology and positivist theories of crime. The emergence of classical school of criminology can be traced in the early 18th century lead by philosopher Jeremy Bentham who focused on criminal justice and penology. He opined that crime results from a product of human nature and since humans posses free will, they have therefore the ability to control their own actions (Carrabine, Iganski, Lee, Plummer, and South, 2004). Bentham suggested that a criminal justice system is more reasonable as compared to the classic barbaric system of capital punishment. According to him, there should be more focus on the enforcement of the law and the legal processes instead on the different causes of crime (Bentham, 1789). For Beccaria (1764), in his famous book On Crimes and Punishments , crimes do not exist by reason of bad individuals but from bad laws. He suggested new perspective based on justice. This became major foundation of the modern criminal justice system. As asserted by the early positivist theorists, free will is out of the question in studying crime. These theorists used empirical research methods by which they theorized that the causes of crimes are biological, psychological and environmental factors (Carrabine et al, 2004). This is different from the classical approach which has its sight on legal issues and crime prevention. According to the positivist criminologists, as shared by Cesare Lombroso, the causes and effects of criminal behavior can be directly observed. Lombroso opposed that crimes are due to human free will as criminal behavior can be inherited; that there are people who are â€Å"criminal type† of persons; that criminals are physiologically different if compared to the non-criminals; that these criminals have observable physical

English Literature Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

English Literature Comparison - Essay Example Despite this, it required native speakers to begin putting some of the fallacies to rest. The purpose of the following essay is to compare the portrayal of Africa, its people and its religion with the portrayal of the white man in two novels, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness published in 1902 and Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart published in 1959, as a means of illustrating how even a sympathetic treatment of the continent by a white man is insufficient to contradict traditional Western beliefs. The Western conception of Africa has always been shaped largely by the novelists and travel writers who have journeyed there. Not until relatively recently have any novels been published by native peoples who understood the more intricate natures of the societies that have called the continent home for centuries and adapted to its cycles. Until Dr. David Livingstone and Sir Henry Morton Stanley in the mid-1800s, no white man had ever reached the interior of Africa, making it very apt for the adoption of its label as an unknown entity. Although these explorations did little to further Western understanding of the people or the land, they did instigate plenty of speculation and conjecture, which became the stuff upon which misunderstandings to last centuries were founded. In many ways, the blank spaces found on Joseph Conrad’s map of Africa as a child have been duplicated within the minds of the average Westerner regarding many things to do with Africa and its people. As a resu lt of this almost exclusively one-sided depiction, Africa has traditionally gained a reputation as being a land of possibility for Western enrichment through the exploitation of its resources – agriculture, gold, even people. The West’s understanding of African people holds that they are mostly child-like in their primitive understandings, only

Multicultural Education Essay -- Educating Culture Essays

Multicultural Education History/Past Challenges: One of the major goals of the American school system is to provide all children with equal educational opportunity. However, with regard to minority students, meeting this particular objective has presented a real challenge to educators as they have been confronted with the task of reshaping education in the multilingual, multicultural society that characterizes the United States. Many significant events contributed to the need of school reform. The Civil Rights movement launched by African Americans in the 1960’s, which resulted in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, triggered major social changes in the direction of equality and justice for all. Consequently, the US Department of Education was charged â€Å"†¦to conduct a survey on availability of equal educational opportunity and to provide technical and financial assistance to school boards in carrying out plans for the desegregation of public schools† (Zephir,1999:136). Changing immigration patterns also occurring since the 1960’s brought educational issues to the forefront of discussion. In 1968, the first Bilingual Education act was passed in an attempt â€Å"†¦to provide short-term help to school districts with high concentrations of students from low income homes who had limited English-speaking ability† (Millward,1999:47). Moreover, in 1974, the Sup reme Court ruled in Lau vs. Nichols (a class action suit brought on behalf of Chinese-speaking children in San Francisco) that English-limited children who were being taught in English â€Å"†¦were certain to find their classroom experiences totally incomprehensible and in no way meaningful† (Stevens,1999:108). In consequence, schools were instructed to give special help to non-English-speaking students in order to guarantee their equality under the law with students who spoke English as their first language. In short, the social movement of the 1960’s gave rise to major educational changes; and it was in that context that the concept of ‘multicultural education’ originated. The 1980’s saw the emergence of a body of scholarship on multicultural education by progressive education activists and researchers who refused to allow schools to address their concerns by simply adding token programs and special units on famous women or famous people of color. James Banks, one of the pioneers of multicul... ...ristics. A list of guidelines have been established by Kellough & Roberts (1998:27-28) for teaching students of diverse backgrounds: 1. Build the learning around the students’ individual learning styles. 2. Communicate positively with every student and with the student’s parent/guardians, learning as much as you can about the student and the student’s culture, and encouraging family members to participate in the student’s learning. 3. Establish a classroom climate in which each student feels he or she can learn and wants to learn. 4. Hold and maintain high expectations for each student 5. Personalize learning for each student; much like is done in the use of the IEP with special needs learners. 6. Plan for and use all learning modalities (visual, auditory, tactile, kinesthetic). 7. Use cooperative learning. In summary, multicultural education strives for equity regardless of race, gender, culture, or national origin. Both school and society shape students’ lives. So, in order to be successful, multicultural education encompasses both the effort to create more equitable schools and the involvement of teachers and students in the creation of a more equitable society. Multicultural Education Essay -- Educating Culture Essays Multicultural Education History/Past Challenges: One of the major goals of the American school system is to provide all children with equal educational opportunity. However, with regard to minority students, meeting this particular objective has presented a real challenge to educators as they have been confronted with the task of reshaping education in the multilingual, multicultural society that characterizes the United States. Many significant events contributed to the need of school reform. The Civil Rights movement launched by African Americans in the 1960’s, which resulted in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, triggered major social changes in the direction of equality and justice for all. Consequently, the US Department of Education was charged â€Å"†¦to conduct a survey on availability of equal educational opportunity and to provide technical and financial assistance to school boards in carrying out plans for the desegregation of public schools† (Zephir,1999:136). Changing immigration patterns also occurring since the 1960’s brought educational issues to the forefront of discussion. In 1968, the first Bilingual Education act was passed in an attempt â€Å"†¦to provide short-term help to school districts with high concentrations of students from low income homes who had limited English-speaking ability† (Millward,1999:47). Moreover, in 1974, the Sup reme Court ruled in Lau vs. Nichols (a class action suit brought on behalf of Chinese-speaking children in San Francisco) that English-limited children who were being taught in English â€Å"†¦were certain to find their classroom experiences totally incomprehensible and in no way meaningful† (Stevens,1999:108). In consequence, schools were instructed to give special help to non-English-speaking students in order to guarantee their equality under the law with students who spoke English as their first language. In short, the social movement of the 1960’s gave rise to major educational changes; and it was in that context that the concept of ‘multicultural education’ originated. The 1980’s saw the emergence of a body of scholarship on multicultural education by progressive education activists and researchers who refused to allow schools to address their concerns by simply adding token programs and special units on famous women or famous people of color. James Banks, one of the pioneers of multicul... ...ristics. A list of guidelines have been established by Kellough & Roberts (1998:27-28) for teaching students of diverse backgrounds: 1. Build the learning around the students’ individual learning styles. 2. Communicate positively with every student and with the student’s parent/guardians, learning as much as you can about the student and the student’s culture, and encouraging family members to participate in the student’s learning. 3. Establish a classroom climate in which each student feels he or she can learn and wants to learn. 4. Hold and maintain high expectations for each student 5. Personalize learning for each student; much like is done in the use of the IEP with special needs learners. 6. Plan for and use all learning modalities (visual, auditory, tactile, kinesthetic). 7. Use cooperative learning. In summary, multicultural education strives for equity regardless of race, gender, culture, or national origin. Both school and society shape students’ lives. So, in order to be successful, multicultural education encompasses both the effort to create more equitable schools and the involvement of teachers and students in the creation of a more equitable society.

International Management Case Study Essay

1. What are the advantages of a small business going international through incremental stages rather than as a global start up? There are many advantages of a small business going international through incremental stages, rather than as a global start up. First of all a startup that utilizes the small business stage model where it has an incremental process of internationalization gives that them a much larger chance of sustainability and success, rather than trying to start large which puts them at more risk. This usually occurs passively, where a small business doesn’t solicit international business, but eventually conducts business internationally by filling normal orders, and as the business grows and receives more orders, they also increase the amount of international business they conduct. In the small business stage model of internationalization there are six typical stages that a company goes through. These are: * Stage 1 – Passive exporting * Stage 2 – Export Management * Stage 3 – Export Department * Stage 4 – Sales Branch * Stage 5 – Production Abroad * Stage 6 – The Transnational These stages transition a small business from merely filling international orders that aren’t solicited, to seeking out export sales, to using significant resources to increase sales which creates a high enough demand to open local sales offices, which leads to production abroad and then finally developing a global network and the company becoming a transnational corporation. The benefit of a company going through these incremental steps to develop its international business is based upon the company having a strong domestic customer base within their business system. Having a strong domestic business allows the small business to have a solid foundation of revenue which allows them to not have to rely on their international business to survive. This mitigates the risks from having the liabilities of smallness, which are the challenges facing a small business in getting access to necessary resources to internationalize. By having a strong business domestically, those challenges and risks can be taken as the survival of the company doesn’t depend on obtaining those resources to internationalize. Another benefit of a company going through incremental steps is that they also have the small business advantage. This advantage is from fast moving entrepreneurs that can use their competitive advantage of speed. Being first to market, they can capture significant sales before large competitors react. This allows a small business to adapt to market changes as they go international and allows them to more competitive as they expand into international markets. Companies can quickly change products, advertisements and operations to be able to meet the needs of the international market which is usually done with evolving technologies. This is where the larger corporate competitors are slowing as there are usually many policies and procedures that must be adhered to that slows them down, and makes them either late to the market with the change or they miss it all together. This is extremely important not just in established international markets, but also emerging and new international markets. Furthermore, reaching customers by teaming up with foreign partners such as distributors, joint venture partners, or licensees is another benefit. By working with these partners who are in direct contact with customers is of utmost importance, as they have a direct line to the point of sale. It’s not easy to find partners, but by incrementally going international and growing a business, the resources also grow and opens up many more points of contact. As the business grows and these points of contacts grow, the possibility for partners grows as well. Some of the ways a small business can find these partners are through trade shows, catalog expositions, international advertising agencies and consulting firms, government sponsored trade missions and of course direct contact. These partners are a great help in getting a small business’ products further into the international market and in the hands of their customers. It is not impossible for a company to go global from the first day that they start their business, but the odds are not in their favorite. It is very difficult to start out targeting such a large market. It is much easier for a small business to start domestically and build up a solid foundation for their business to gradually expand into the international market. This sets up a small business for the best chance for success to go from a small company and turning it into a corporation. Resources Cullen, John B., and K. Praveen Parboteeah. Multinational Management – A Strategic Approach. 5th ed. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2008. Print.

Taking a Look at Darwin College - 755 Words

Founded 1964 by Gonville and Caius College, St John’s College and Trinity College. Named after the Darwin Family. Sister College – Wolfson College Oxford. Men and Women – Postgraduate only 594. Darwin is a relatively modern college that was surprisingly able to secure itself a beautiful spot on the Cam next to the Mill Pond. The river throws a loop that meanders through the grounds forming two small islands that can be booked for social functions by members in the warmer weather. For a small fee, students can join the Darwin punt club gaining access to the college’s five punts and several kayaks throughout the year. This compact site is an attractive 5-minute, meadow walk, from the city centre. It was the first in the university to exclusively accept postgraduate students only, and was established in 1964 by three of the ancient colleges, Trinity, St John’s and Gonville and Caius. It was named after the Darwin family, who previously owned the original property. Adjoining buildings and additional nearby hostels were added, as and when the opportunities presented themselves. The Rayne Foundation, along with the founding trio, funded conversions, extensions and general work to turn the site into a fully functioning college. The result is not a series of courtyards but a delightful long triangular strip containing a random and eclectic style of architecture, transformed into a magical space by the river. No restriction on subjects of study The college was also among theShow MoreRelatedWilliam 18th Century Edinburgh s Court Of Session1536 Words   |  7 Pagesin October 1714 to a minor laird in Monboddo, Kincardineshire, an estate described by James Boswell during his travels with Dr Johnson as a wretched place, wild and naked with a poor old house,† he continued his education at Aberdeen’s Marischal College where he developed his enthusiasm for all things Greek and ancient. He was a great intellectual, though undeniably eccentric. 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